Cappadocia is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.
According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC), the Cappadocians were reported as occupying a region Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that separate it Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia.
The name, traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history, continues in use as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders, in particular characterized by fairy chimneys, in addition to its religious heritage of being a centre of early Christian learning, evidenced by hundreds of churches and monasteries (such as those of Göreme and Ihlara), as well as underground cities that were dug to offer protection during periods of persecution.
Cappadocia was known as Hatti in the late Bronze Age, and was the homeland of the Hittite power centred at Hattusa. After the fall of the Hittite Empire, with the decline of the Syro-Cappadocians (Mushki) after their defeat by the Lydian king Croesus in the 6th century BC, Cappadocia was ruled by a sort of feudal aristocracy, dwelling in strong castles and keeping the peasants in a servile condition, which later made them apt to foreign slavery. It was included in the third Persian satrapy in the division established by Darius but continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributaries of the Great King.
Paşabağ Valley
Paşabağ Valley, or Monk’s Valley, is a unique natural site in Cappadocia, Turkey, famous for its extraordinary fairy chimneys—tall, conical rock formations with mushroom-shaped caps. Formed by centuries of volcanic activity and erosion, the valley is named after the hermit monks who once lived in small cave dwellings carved into the rocks. Today, it is a popular destination for visitors exploring Cappadocia’s surreal landscapes and ancient history, making Paşabağ Valley a must-see natural attraction.
Derinkuyu Underground City
Derinkuyu Underground City in Cappadocia, Turkey, is one of the largest and deepest underground cities in the world. Carved into soft volcanic rock, it dates back to the 8th century BC and could house up to 20,000 people. With multiple levels connected by narrow tunnels, it contains living quarters, kitchens, stables, churches, and ventilation shafts. Originally a refuge for early Christians and others during invasions, today Derinkuyu offers visitors insight into ancient underground life and remarkable engineering.
Uçhisar Castle
el Uçhisar Castle, a natural rock fortress in Cappadocia, Turkey, is the highest point in the region. Carved from a massive rock formation, it served as a watchtower and defense point. The castle includes rooms, tunnels, and passageways within the rock. Visitors can climb to the top for panoramic views of Cappadocia’s landscape, including fairy chimneys, valleys, and mountains. Uçhisar Castle blends history, nature, and stunning scenery, making it a must-visit site in the region.
Göreme Open Air Musuem
Göreme Open Air Museum in Cappadocia is a UNESCO World Heritage site famous for its rock-cut churches, monasteries, and chapels from the 10th to 12th centuries. Carved into soft volcanic rock, the structures feature vivid frescoes depicting biblical scenes, reflecting the region’s rich Christian heritage. Serving as a monastic center for centuries, the museum offers insight into Byzantine monastic life. Highlights include the Dark Church and Snake Church, making it a top destination for history and medieval art enthusiasts.
Zelve Open Air Musuem
Zelve Open Air Museum in Cappadocia, Turkey, is an ancient monastic complex famous for its unique rock formations and historical importance. From the 9th to 13th centuries, it was home to early Christians and later local villagers. The site features three interconnected valleys with cave dwellings, rock-cut churches, and storage rooms carved into soft tuff rock. Unlike other museums, Zelve offers a natural setting, letting visitors explore narrow passages, ancient structures, and Cappadocia’s surreal landscapes.
